T.A.V is on the scientific advisory board for Dymatize Nutrition, a manufacturer of sports supplements has received research grants related to dietary supplements. N.S.G consults for and is on the scientific advisory board of Nutrigenomix, a genetic testing company. Energy drinks and pre-workout supplements containing caffeine have been demonstrated to enhance both anaerobic and aerobic performance. Alternative sources of caffeine such as caffeinated chewing gum, mouth rinses, energy gels and chews have been shown to improve performance, primarily in aerobic exercise. The use of caffeine in conjunction with endurance exercise in the heat and at altitude is well supported when dosages range from 3 to 6 mg/kg and 4-6 mg/kg, respectively. Caffeine may improve cognitive and physical performance in some individuals under conditions of sleep deprivation. Caffeine has been shown to be ergogenic for cognitive function, including attention and vigilance, in most individuals. Other factors such as habitual caffeine intake also may play a role in between-individual response variation. Inter-individual differences in sport and exercise performance as well as adverse effects on sleep or feelings of anxiety following caffeine ingestion may be attributed to genetic variation associated with caffeine metabolism, and physical and psychological response. Caffeine appears to improve physical performance in both trained and untrained individuals. For example, as compared to caffeine capsules, caffeine chewing gums may require a shorter waiting time from consumption to the start of the exercise session. Optimal timing of caffeine ingestion likely depends on the source of caffeine. The most commonly used timing of caffeine supplementation is 60 min pre-exercise. 9 mg/kg) are associated with a high incidence of side-effects and do not seem to be required to elicit an ergogenic effect. Minimal effective doses of caffeine currently remain unclear but they may be as low as 2 mg/kg body mass. Caffeine has consistently been shown to improve exercise performance when consumed in doses of 3-6 mg/kg body mass. Aerobic endurance appears to be the form of exercise with the most consistent moderate-to-large benefits from caffeine use, although the magnitude of its effects differs between individuals. Small to moderate benefits of caffeine use include, but are not limited to: muscular endurance, movement velocity and muscular strength, sprinting, jumping, and throwing performance, as well as a wide range of aerobic and anaerobic sport-specific actions.
Supplementation with caffeine has been shown to acutely enhance various aspects of exercise performance in many but not all studies. 15 Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.įollowing critical evaluation of the available literature to date, The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) position regarding caffeine intake is as follows: 1.13 Nutrion Department, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, 33314, USA.12 Department of Exercise and Sport Science, Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.11 Stronger by Science LLC, Raleigh, NC, USA.10 Institue of Exercise Physiology and Rehabilitation Science, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.9 Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, 33314, USA.8 School of Social and Health Sciences, Leeds Trinity University, Leeds, UK.7 Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Colombia, SC, 29208, USA.6 Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52240, USA.5 Department of Health Sciences, CUNY Lehman College, Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
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